PIXAR’s Rule #4: The Story Spine
Unveiling the Core of Compelling Narratives by Frank Guttler
The Story Spine is a powerful storytelling framework originally developed by playwright Kenn Adams. It provides a simple, yet highly effective structure that helps writers craft engaging and coherent narratives. The technique gained widespread recognition and acclaim, particularly through its adoption by Pixar, renowned for its emotionally resonant and structurally sound stories.
The Anatomy of the Story Spine
The Story Spine is built around a sequence of prompts that guide the narrative from beginning to end:
- Once upon a time…
- Introduction of the Setting and Characters: This opening sets the stage, introducing the world of the story and the main characters. It establishes the baseline normalcy of the protagonist’s life.
- Every day…
- Establishment of Routine: This section shows the protagonist's everyday life and routines. It helps the audience understand the protagonist’s world, desires, and current state before the main conflict arises.
- But one day…
- Inciting Incident: This moment introduces a significant change or event that disrupts the protagonist's routine. It serves as the catalyst for the main story and sets the plot in motion.
- Because of that…
- First Consequence/Action: The protagonist takes action or faces the immediate consequences of the inciting incident. This creates a cause-and-effect chain that drives the plot forward.
- Because of that…
- Escalation: The initial actions lead to further complications and challenges. The stakes are raised, and the protagonist is drawn deeper into the conflict, facing new obstacles and making more significant decisions.
- Until finally…
- Climax and Resolution: The protagonist faces the ultimate challenge or conflict, leading to the climax of the story. This is the turning point where the protagonist's journey reaches its peak and is ultimately resolved.
- And ever since then…
- Denouement and Aftermath: This concluding part shows the new normal for the protagonist and the world after the resolution of the main conflict. It reflects on how the protagonist and their circumstances have changed as a result of the journey.
This structure ensures a cohesive flow, making it easier for storytellers to develop their plots and characters consistently. It also aids in maintaining the audience's engagement by establishing a rhythm that balances predictability with surprise.
"A strong narrative backbone is essential for guiding the audience through the twists and turns of a story. It's the spine that holds everything together, ensuring that every element serves the greater purpose of the narrative."
- Jordan Peele, Filmmaker (Get Out, Us)
Pixar's Mastery of the Story Spine
Pixar Animation Studios has been synonymous with exceptional storytelling, often attributed to their meticulous narrative techniques. Among these, the Story Spine stands out as a foundational element, encapsulated in their fourth rule of storytelling. This rule emphasizes the importance of structure in making stories both engaging and memorable. Pixar's dedication to this framework has played a pivotal role in their success, creating stories that resonate deeply with audiences of all ages.
Joe Ranft, known for his influential role at Pixar as Head of Story, provides insight into the importance of the Story Spine as a foundational element in Pixar's storytelling process.
"The Story Spine is like the DNA of storytelling. It's a fundamental framework that underpins the structure of our narratives, providing a clear roadmap for building compelling stories that resonate with audiences. Pixar has embraced the Story Spine as an essential tool in our storytelling toolbox, helping us craft stories that are not only entertaining but also emotionally resonant."
Examples of Story Spine in Popular Films
Toy Story (1995, Pixar Animation Studios):
- Once upon a time… there was a toy cowboy named Woody who was the favorite of a boy named Andy.
- Every day… Woody led Andy’s toys in fun and adventures.
- But one day… a new toy, Buzz Lightyear, arrived and became Andy’s favorite.
- Because of that… Woody felt jealous and tried to get rid of Buzz.
- Because of that… Woody and Buzz got lost and had to find their way back home.
- Until finally… they worked together and became friends, making it back to Andy.
- And ever since then… Woody and Buzz led Andy's toys as a team.
Star Wars: A New Hope (1977, 20th Century Fox):
- Once upon a time… in a galaxy far, far away, a young farm boy named Luke Skywalker dreams of adventure.
- Every day… Luke works on his uncle's farm, yearning for something more.
- But one day… he finds a hidden message in a droid, leading him to join the Rebellion against the Empire.
- Because of that… he learns about the Force and gets involved in the battle between good and evil.
- Because of that… he teams up with a Jedi Knight, a smuggler, and a princess to rescue her and destroy the Death Star.
- Until finally… Luke uses the Force to destroy the Death Star, becoming a hero of the Rebellion.
- And ever since then… Luke Skywalker is a symbol of hope in the galaxy.
The Matrix (1999, Warner Bros. Pictures):
- Once upon a time… there was a computer hacker named Neo.
- Every day… he felt something was off about the world.
- But one day… he was contacted by Morpheus, who revealed the truth about the Matrix.
- Because of that… Neo joined a rebellion against the machines controlling humanity.
- Because of that… he discovered his potential as "The One."
- Until finally… he accepted his role and began the fight to free humanity.
- And ever since then… Neo fought against the Matrix to liberate human minds.
While the Story Spine technique is widely recognized and utilized in various storytelling circles, it may not be explicitly mentioned by filmmakers as it is closely associated with Kenn Adams and the world of improvisational theater. However, many filmmakers and storytellers often discuss the importance of structure, character development, and narrative coherence, all of which align closely with the principles of the Story Spine.
"Structure is the key to storytelling. It's the foundation upon which we build our narratives, shaping the flow of events and guiding the audience through the emotional journey of the story. Whether it's the three-act structure, the hero's journey, or any other storytelling framework, a strong structure is essential for engaging and resonant storytelling."
- Christopher Nolan, Filmmaker (Inception, The Dark Knight)
The Story Spine technique endures as a robust framework for creating stories that are both structurally sound and emotionally compelling. By adhering to this structure, filmmakers can craft narratives that resonate with audiences and stand the test of time.
For further reading on the Story Spine and Pixar's storytelling rules, you can explore these resources:
- Kenn Adams' Official Website on the Story Spine: https://www.kenn-adams.com/about
- Pixar’s 22 Rules of Storytelling: https://www.pixartouchbook.com/blog/2011/4/25/pixar-story-rules-one-version.html
- Pixar Storytelling Techniques and the Story Spine: https://nofilmschool.com/2014/06/pixar-storytelling-rules-story-spine
- Pixar’s Approach to Structuring Stories: https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/12/pixars-22-rules-storytelling-visualized/250740/
LCL BLOG: THE CALL SHEET
New Lights, Camera, Learn! Online Workshop offered at UC Irvine Fall Youth Writing Project.
9/12/23
I'm proud to continue my long association with the UC Irvine Youth Writing Projects' by announcing a new course that connects the principals of persuasive whiting with creating video projects that inform and inspire action! -
"Video Storytelling for a Cause" will be offered online for Grades 5-6 this Fall
Course Description:
Persuasive writing is a powerful skill for young writers and a compelling idea combined with thoughtful video, images and sound can inspire change in a community or bring awareness to causes in need of a champion! In this 8-week course, young writers will build storytelling & filmmaking skills to create videos that persuade and advocate.
Beginning with a Book Trailer project that will challenge crewmates to build interest in a favorite book with the beginning, middle and a tease of the ending. Students will build new writing and video production skills for a cause with the PSA: Public Service Announcement project and create a video story that informs, advocates & calls an audience to action!
This workshop is designed for success with Apple iMovie on iPad and MacBook. WeVideo for Chromebook or PC is also supported but may require a separate subscription.
Class capacity: 12 students
Learn More
Wednesdays, 4:00 - 5:30 p.m. PST
8 class sessions, 1.5 hours per class (12 hours of instruction)
October 4 - November 29 (No class Thanksgiving week)
LCL BLOG: THE CALL SHEET
New Lights, Camera, Learn! Online Workshop offered at UC Irvine SUmmer Youth Writing Project.
5/22/2023
Introducing "I Am My Culture: Digital Storytelling Workshop" at UC Irvine Youth Writing Project!
Join me for an exciting online class designed for students in grades 3-5.
In this workshop, we will explore the art of digital storytelling to express our personal and cultural identities.
Over 15 class sessions, totaling 30 hours of instruction, we will learn how to use Apple iMovie on iPad and MacBook (WeVideo for Chromebook or PC is also supported) to create captivating digital stories. Through still and moving images, voice-over narration, music, and interviews, we will develop essential 21st-century literacy skills while sharing our unique cultural perspectives.
The workshop will run from June 26 to July 13, Mondays to Thursdays, 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. PST (no class on July 4).
Throughout the workshop, you will learn how to express your personal and cultural identity through the art of digital storytelling. We will explore the power of still and moving images, voice-over narration, music, and interviews, discovering how to use these elements effectively to create compelling narratives. By the end of the six-week program, you will have developed a digital story that captures your unique cultural identity, ready to be shared with others.
Limited spots are available, so enroll now to secure your place!
Get ready to embark on a transformative journey of self-expression, creativity, and cultural celebration. Join "I Am My Culture: Digital Storytelling Workshop" at UC Irvine Youth Writing Project and let your stories shine!
Enroll today and be part of this incredible experience.
